The transition metals occupy the large central block (d-block) of the periodic table, spanning Groups 3 through 12. This is the largest family of elements.

Key Characteristics

They are generally hard, have high densities, and high melting and boiling points.
They are excellent conductors of heat and electricity.
Many are malleable (can be beaten into sheets) and ductile (can be drawn into wires).
They often form colored compounds and can have multiple positive oxidation states (charges).

Notable Examples

Silver (Ag): Used in jewelry, and photography.
Gold (Au): Used in jewelry and electronics. It is very unreactive.
Mercury (Hg): The only metal that is liquid at room temperature.

⭐ Exceptions or Important Facts

1. Groups 10 & 11 Contain Precious Metals

These groups contain highly valuable, less reactive metals used in coins and jewelry because they resist corrosion and retain their shine.

Group 10: Nickel (Ni), Palladium (Pd), Platinum (Pt)

Group 11: Copper (Cu), Silver (Ag), Gold (Au)

2. Group 12 Elements Have Lower Melting Points

This group includes Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), and Mercury (Hg). They behave slightly differently from typical transition metals. Mercury has the lowest melting point of all metals.

3. Magnetic Metals

Only three naturally magnetic elements exist at room temperature: Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), and Nickel (Ni). This is because their specific electron structure allows many electrons to spin in the same direction.

🔸 Oxidation State — Simple Explanation

The oxidation state (or oxidation number) is the charge an atom appears to have after gaining or losing electrons when forming compounds. Transition metals commonly show multiple oxidation states because they can use both s and d electrons in bonding.

Examples: Iron can be Fe⁺² or Fe⁺³.

ChemInteractive

Lesson 5: The Periodic Table

History of the Periodic Table

Elemental Groups & Periods

Group 1: The Alkali Metals

Hydrogen: A Special Case

Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals

Practice: Metal Match

Groups 3-12: Transition Metals

Lanthanides & Actinides

The Metalloids

Practice: Element Uses

Nonmetals & Noble Gases

Group 17: The Halogens

Atomic Structure

Ions and Isotopes

Allotropes

Practice: Relative Atomic Mass